Griffiths III is the latest edition of the Griffiths Scales of Child Development. Griffiths III represents an evolution in developmental assessment, based on the latest research and theory, and building on the best of the past.
Griffiths III took the best of the previous editions and built upon it to become a substantially new and improved kit. More than 80% of Griffiths III was redesigned to make a modern assessment in line with the latest developmental, paediatric, psychological and neurological research. Clinician feedback was also taken into account, and the administration sequence was streamlined to be practical for users. All equipment can be easily cleaned, is child-friendly has been designed to keep small children engaged and at ease. You can also download our Griffiths III flyer here.
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Griffiths III represents an evolution in developmental assessment, based on the latest research and theory, and building on the best of the past. Griffiths III is a comprehensive, child-friendly developmental measure for continuous use from birth (1 month) to 5 years and 11 months (71 months).
Griffiths III may be used by psychologists and paediatricians, plus other allied health professionals, for a variety of purposes in a range of applied settings. Assessing a child's developmental profile and level helps to identify if a child is developing appropriately for their age or whether difficulties in specific areas could be linked to a specific developmental or learning disorder.
The new Griffiths III also reflects the cumulative, quantifiable feedback from clinicians in the field, advances in statistical analysis and norming and research into children's development (from the neurodevelopmental to emotional regulation and play). But the Griffiths III also represents a significant development; more than 80 percent of the Griffiths III has been redesigned. It is more streamlined, in terms of ease of administration (fewer disparate items, many of which have been integrated into the 'Quiet Book'), reduced in terms of the number of items (by 36%) and the age range to be evaluated (birth to 5 years 11 months of age), modernised in terms of the stimulus materials and more integrated in terms of the norms structure and use of protocols.
The Foundations of Learning Subscale (A) has replaced the Performance and Practical Reasoning Subscales of the GMDS-ER. It will evaluate various aspects of cognition such as different types of attention, processing speed, aspects of executive function such as flexibility, dimensions of reasoning, curiosity and creativity, organising information and planning solutions, concept formation and sequencing thought (Stroud, 2016). It also incorporates various aspects of visual and auditory long-term and short-term memory as well as play (Stroud, 2016), a by-product of cognitive, social and emotional development. Further, it taps visual sequencing in the Picture Arrangement and Series sub-tests.
The Language and Communication Subscale (B) has been refined so that differences between expressive and receptive Language on the one hand and syntactic, semantic and pragmatic language (Paradice, 2016) on the other have been made more explicit and amenable to further consideration. Memory has also been incorporated into the Scale. In conjunction with the Personal, Social Emotional Scale (Subscale D), it will provide useful information in the differential diagnosis of certain neurodevelopmental disorders.
Overall, the new Griffiths III represents, conceptually, a significant advance in developmental assessment which may be used with a range of populations and contribute in a practical way to the learning plans of those in need.
Bloomfield, S. (2016). Subscale C: Eye and Hand Coordination. PowerPoint Presentation on the developments in the Griffiths III on the ARICD site.Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Forssberg, H., (1998) The Neurophysiology of Manual Skill Development in The Psychobiology of the Hand Ed. Connelly, K.J., Clinics in Developmental medicine No. 147 pp 100-105 Mac Keith PressFlynn, J. R. (2009). What is intelligence: Beyond the Flynn Effect (expanded paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (The term was originally coined by Herrnstein and Murray)Green, E. (2016). Subscale E: Gross Motor. PowerPoint Presentation on the developments in the Griffiths III on the ARICD site.Griffiths, R. (1935). Imagination in early childhood. London: Routledge.Griffiths, R. (1954). The abilities of babies, 0-2 years. London: University of London Press.Lane, H. (2016). Subscale D: Personal, Social, Emotional. PowerPoint Presentation on the developments in the Griffiths III on the ARICD site.Paradice, R. (2016). Scale B: Language and Communication. PowerPoint Presentation on the developments in the Griffiths III on the ARICD site.Stroud, L. (2016). Scale A: Foundations of Learning. PowerPoint Presentation on the developments in the Griffiths III on the ARICD site.Wechsler, D. (1958). The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence (4th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Witkins.
Angelman Syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopment disorder resulting from deficient expression or function of the maternally inherited allele of UBE3A gene. The aim of the study is to attempt at providing a detailed definition of neurodevelopmental profile in AS, with particular regard to motor, cognitive, communicative, behavioural and neurovisual, features by using standardized instruments.
AS presents a complex neurodevelopmental profile in which several aspects play a negative role in global development leading to a severe functional impairment. Intellectual disability is not the only component because neurovisual functions and behavioural disorders may worsen the global function and are needed of specific rehabilitation programs.
Even if research into genotype-phenotype correlations reveals a more severe impairment among children with deletion forms rather than those with other genetic mechanisms [3, 4], all genetic expressions lead to a similar clinical phenotype [5] characterized by developmental delay, movement or balance disorder, specific behavioural characteristics and speech impairment [6].
Despite many descriptive data documenting the cognitive, linguistic and behavioural profiles of AS, no studies, to our knowledge, provide a comprehensive description of the clinical profile of AS collecting and relating different developmental areas such as motor, neurovisual, linguistic, cognitive, adaptive and behavioural features.
The aim of the study was to analyse these neurodevelopmental areas that concur in the development of AS patients, and to describe a specific neurodevelopmental clinical profile which can be the basis to promote tailored early intervention programs.
This study has permitted to evaluate the neurodevelopmental aspects of a group of subjects with AS. Despite the small number of subjects, a high homogeneity of the results has been found among those evaluated, as literature data shows [4].
These findings suggest the role of other factors which could be related to language development in AS. Penner and colleagues [32] refer respectively to stage 5 and 6 as a prerequisite for language and speech development. Even considering only the subjects who reached the sixth stage, none of them was able to speak more than five words. These results let us hypothesize that the lack of expressive language is not simply justified by the severe intellectual disability in AS population. Neither difficulties in interpersonal relationships seem to be the cause of expressive disorders since communicative inputs emerged from VABS, UHS and PVB. We could not administer ADOS scales because of the presence of MA lower than 12 months in 5 children.
The difficulty in defining a single and reliable method for the early assessment and diagnosis of neurological disorders is due to the developmental changes in neurological and behavioural performances that parallel brain maturation in the first years of life and the fact that the observed problems are not all identifiable by one specific neurological sign but rely on different emerging functions.
Previous studies have described the reliability of the global NFA score to identify preterm infants at risk of delayed neurodevelopmental outcomes; however, no studies have focused on the different domains evaluated by the NFA that describe neurodevelopment in early infancy and their association with preterm infants long-term outcomes12,13,14.
The hypothesis of the present study was that the evaluation of each domain of the NFA could better describe motor, cognitive and socioemotional development at 2 years of corrected age in a cohort of VLBW infants. In addition, the present study, focusing on the contribution of each NFA item, aimed to identify a threshold that can help clinicians discriminate infants at higher risk of later neurodevelopmental delay.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of CA were assessed using the validated Italian translation of the GMDS-ER24. This tool specifically investigates neurodevelopment in the locomotor, personal-social, hearing and language, eye and hand coordination and performance areas and provides separate subquotients, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16, for each of the investigated areas. A global quotient (GQ), with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 12, is then calculated. A score > 2 SD below the mean indicates severe impairment, and a score >1 SD below the mean indicates mild impairment.
The GQ was normal (88 or more) in 111 (60%) infants and 88 or lower in 73 (40%) infants. The 2 year GMDS GQ scores reflected the three-month NFA OS trend, with the highest global neurodevelopmental scores observed in infants with normal or mild NFA OSs; accordingly, the GMDS scores decreased significantly as the NFA scores increased (p value 2ff7e9595c
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